Re: Consequences for Counter Revolutionary and Treason in the West.
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Re: Consequences for Counter Revolutionary and Treason in the West.         

Group: soc.culture.hongkong · Group Profile
Author: mrliu918
Date: Sep 16, 2008 02:03

二二八事件
維基百科,自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
此條目需要補充一些參考或來源。(2008年6月17日)
請協助添加來自可靠來源的引用以改善這篇條目。無法查證的內容會被提出異議而移除。

聚集在專賣局台北分局門口的群眾。時間為1947年2月28日
專賣局台北分局所在重慶南路的現狀,(圖中左起第二棟彰化銀行)二二八事件是台灣於1947年2月至5月間發生的大規模衝突流血事件。該事件的導火線是
1947年2月27日,台北市的一件私煙查緝血案,翌日並觸發台北大批市民的暴動、示威、罷工和罷市。同日,居民包圍台灣省行政長官公署的抗議,遭駐署
的衛兵攻擊,從此該事件由請願轉變而為對抗公署的政治性運動,並觸發由國民政府接收台灣後所累積的省籍、族群衝突。抗爭與衝突在數日內蔓延全台灣,最終
導致國軍部隊鎮壓。此事件中,造成許多傷亡;而死亡人數有少於一千人至萬餘人乃至數萬人的概估[1]。

由二二八事件受難家屬、官方與名學者支持組成的二二八事件紀念基金會指出,二二八事件發生主因是:當時統治台灣的台灣省行政長官公署治台政策不當及不講
求改革之道、事件後擴大鎮壓、實施清鄉、逮捕槍決知識菁英和民眾,而該鎮壓行為亦造成二二八事件影響台灣長達數十年。

二二八事件的發生當時與台灣獨立運動並無關係,不過仍為日後台灣獨立運動的興起的原因之一。

目錄 [隱藏]
1 背景
2 原因
3 事件經過
3.1 導火線與台北的動亂
3.2 初期的政治交涉與武裝衝突
3.3 高雄的軍事鎮壓
3.4 國軍部隊抵台鎮壓
3.5 清鄉、掃蕩與屠殺
4 各族群在事件中的角色
4.1 台灣原住民的參與
4.2 本省人與外省人的衝突
5 影響
6 受害者的平反
7 政府態度
8 兩岸對二二八事件的評價
9 二二八事件受難者
9.1 罹難人數
9.2 受難者列表
10 相關史料與研究
10.1 事件親身參與者的口述歷史
10.2 官方重要史料彙編
10.3 相關學術研究
11 其他
12 注釋
13 參考出處
14 參見
15 外部連結
15.1 一般網站
15.2 美術、影片、圖片
15.3 線上書籍

背景
1945年,第二次世界大戰結束,日本帝國戰敗無條件投降,向美中等盟國移交戰爭中的佔領區。1945年9月9日,在中國大陸地區,中華民國政府派何應
欽在南京接受日軍總司令岡村寧次的降書;當時戰敗國日本由美國接管,因此臺灣便在美國任命的盟軍太平洋司令麥克阿瑟的指示下交由中華民國政府進行接管。
中國在當時陷入國共內戰。由於國民政府財經政策在1947年之後失當、貪污問題日益加劇;在戰場上東北戰略失算、國民黨軍逐漸陷入被動,相較之下共產黨
勢力則越來越龐大。在中國本土,中央銀行先後發行的法幣,金圓券幾近崩潰。

228 Incident
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The 228 Monument located near the Presidential Office in TaipeiThe 228
Incident (traditional Chinese: 二二八事件; pinyin: èr èr bā shìjiàn; Pe̍h-
ōe-jī: Jī-jī-pat sū-kiāⁿ) also known as the 228 Massacre (traditional
Chinese: 二二八大屠殺; simplified Chinese: 二二八大屠杀; pinyin: èr èr bā dàtúshā)
was an anti-government, anti-Chinese uprising in Taiwan that began on
February 28, 1947 that was violently suppressed by the Kuomintang
(KMT) government resulting in many civilian deaths. The Incident
marked the beginning of the White Terror period in Taiwan in which
thousands more Taiwanese vanished, were killed, or imprisoned. The
number "228" refers to the day the massacre began, February 28
(2/28/47).

Taiwan, after 50 years of rule by Japan, had been placed under the
administrative control of the Republic of China (ROC) in 1945 by the
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). Two
years of administration by the Kuomintang led to the widespread
impression among Taiwanese that it was plagued by nepotism,
corruption, and economic failure. Tensions increased between Taiwanese
and the ROC administration. The flashpoint came on February 27, 1947
in Taipei when a dispute between a female cigarette vendor and an
officer of the Office of Monopoly triggered civil disorder and open
rebellion that would last for days. The uprising was violently put
down by the military of the Republic of China.

On the anniversary of the event in 1995 President Lee Teng-hui opened
the subject for the first time. The subject is now openly commemorated
and discussed. Details of the event remain the subject of
investigation. This event is now commemorated in Taiwan as Peace
Memorial Day (traditional Chinese: 和平紀念日; simplified Chinese: 和平纪念日;
pinyin: hépíng jìniànrì). Monuments and memorial parks to the victims
of 2-28 have been erected in a number of Taiwan's cities, including
Kaohsiung and Taipei. Taiwan's president gathers with other officials
every February 28 to ring a commemorative bell in memory of the
victims. The president bows to family members of 2-28 victims and
gives each one a certificate officially declaring the family innocent
of any crime.

Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Uprising and crackdown
3 Legacy
4 2-28 Incident in Art
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

On 9月16日, 下午4時57分, mrliu918 gmail.com> wrote:
> For all the political activists and everyone interested politics, they
> should understand the risk involved.
>
> Qutoation from wikipidea
>
> 反革命
> 維基百科,自由的百科全書
> 跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
> 反革命的原意為反對革命,原來「反革命」與「革命」一樣同屬於中性詞。但在中國共產革命發展的過程中,反革命被視為嚴重的負面行為,在1997年《中華
> 人民共和國刑法》修訂前,反革命屬於刑法規定的罪名之一。後來,隨着社會的發展以及國際社會的質疑的日益強烈,刑法中取消了該罪名,並以「危害國家安全
> 罪」取而代之。也有觀點認為,按照反革命的定義,現在反對革命者為中國共產黨,故共產黨為反革命。
>
> [編輯] 參見
> 反革命事件
>
> [編輯] 外部連結
> 郭羅基:何謂"煽動顛覆國家政權"?
> 取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%%E5%%8F%%8D%%E9%%9D
> %%A9%%E5%%91%%BD&variant=zh-hk"
> 1個分類: 中華人民共和國法律檢視條目 討論 編輯本頁 歷史 不轉換 简体 繁體 大陆简体 港澳繁體 马新简体 台灣正體 個人工具登入/建立新
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> 這頁的最後修訂在 2008年8月27日 (星期三) 21:45。 本站的全部文本内容在GNU自由文檔許可證之條款下提供(詳情)。
> Wikipedia®是維基媒體基金會的註冊商標;維基™是維基媒體基金會的商標。
> 維基媒體基金會是在美國佛羅里達州登記的501(c)(3)免稅、非營利、慈善機構。
> 隱私政策 關於維基百科 免責聲明
>
> Counter-revolutionary
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
> A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution,
> particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or
> reverse it, in full or in part. The adjective, "counterrevolutionary,"
> pertains to movements that would restore the state of affairs, or the
> principles, that prevailed during a prerevolutionary era.
>
> A counterrevolution can be positive or negative in its consequences;
> depending, in part, on the benificient or pernicious character of the
> revoltion that gets reversed. For example, the transitory success of
> Agis and Cleomenes of ancient Sparta in restoring the constitution of
> Lycurgus was considered by Plutarch to be counterrevolutionary in a
> positive sense. During the French Revolution the Jacobins saw the
> Counterrevolution in the Vendée as distinctly negative.
>
> Contents [hide]
> 1 England, France and other counterrevolutionaries
> 2 Usage of the term
> 3 Quotes
> 4 Footnotes and references
> 5 See also
> 6 Further reading
> 6.1 External links
>
> 反右運動
> 維基百科,自由的百科全書
> 跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
>
> 中國共產黨政治運動
>
> 中華人民共和國史
>
> 反右運動「反右運動」是中國共產黨在中華人民共和國建立後於1957年發起的第一場波及社會各階層的群眾性大型政治運動,主要結果是給空前大量的人確定
> 「右派」身份。改革開放後,中共承認執行過程中有「擴大化」問題,即「反右擴大化」。政府給大批錯划右派「糾正」,未被糾正的右派「維持原案,只摘帽
> 子,不予改正,不予平反」。
>
> 目錄 [隱藏]
> 1 運動歷程
> 1.1 雙百方針和整風運動
> 1.2 「陽謀」論
> 1.3 右派的標準
> 1.4 反右的擴大化
> 1.5 趨於平靜
> 1.6 右派的命運
> 1.7 右派的平反
> 1.7.1 至今未被改正的「右派」
> 2 右派人數
> 3 影響
> 4 注釋
> 5 外部連結
>
> [編輯] 運動歷程
>
> Anti-Rightist Movement
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
> History of the
> People's Republic of China
>
>     1949–1976, The Mao Era
>         Revolution
>         Korean War
>         Hundred Flowers Campaign
>         Anti-Rightist Movement
>         Great Leap Forward
>             Three Years of Natural Disasters
>         Cultural Revolution
>             Lin Biao
>             Gang of Four
>             Tiananmen Incident
>     1976–1989, Era of Reconstruction
>         Economic reform
>         Sino-Vietnamese War
>         Tiananmen protests
>     1989–2002, A Rising Power
>         One Country, Two Systems
>             Hong Kong (post 1997)
>             Macau (post 1999)
>         Chinese reunification
>     2002–present, China Today
>
>    See also:
>         History of China
>         History of Beijing
>         History of Shanghai
>
> Prominent leaders
> Mao - Deng - Jiang - Hu
> Other China topics
> Culture - Economy
> Geography - Politics - Education
> China Portal
> This box: view • talk • edit
> The Anti-Rightist Movement (Chinese: 反右派运动; pinyin: Fǎn Yòupài
> Yùndòng) of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and early
> 1960s consisted of a series of campaigns to purge alleged "rightists"
> within the Communist Party of China and abroad. The campaigns were
> instigated by the Chairman, Mao Zedong.
>
> Contents [hide]
> 1 Background
> 2 Origins
> 3 First wave
> 4 Second wave
> 5 Historical Revisionism After Mao
> 6 Censorship in China
> 7 References
> 8 See also
> 9 External links
>
> [edit] Background
> Going perhaps as far back as the Long March there had been resentment
> against "rightists" inside the CCP, for example Zhang Bojun[1].
>
> [edit] Origins
>
> 美丽岛事件
> 维基百科,自由的百科全书
> 跳转到: 导航, 搜索
>
> 张俊宏黄信介陈菊姚嘉文施明德吕秀莲林弘宣
> 美丽岛大审
> 美丽岛事件(或高雄事件、当时政府称其为高雄暴力事件叛乱案),是1979年12月10日国际人权纪念日在台湾高雄市发生的一场遭到国民党政府镇压的民
> 主运动,为二二八事件后规模最大的一场民众示威运动,其对台湾的现代历史发展有着重要影响,对往后台湾社会迈向民主、自由、人权有着重大影响。对“今天
> 的台湾政治、甚至台湾主权的维护,也都扮演着相当程度的重要角色。美丽岛事件的领导者施明德、林义雄后来皆成为政坛上的指标人物。
>
> 目录 [隐藏]
> 1 历史背景
> 1.1 美丽岛之前的党外运动
> 1.2 《美丽岛》杂志
> 2 高雄事件
> 3 影响
> 4 其他
> 5 相关的史料与研究
> 6 相关条目
> 7 外部链接
>
> [编辑] 历史背景
>
> [编辑] 美丽岛之前的党外运动
>
> Kaohsiung Incident
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
>  The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate
> for Wikipedia.
> Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide
> to writing better articles for suggestions. (April 2008)
>
> The Kaohsiung Incident (traditional Chinese: 高雄事件) also known as the
> Formosa Incident (traditional Chinese: 美麗島事件) was the result of pro-
> democracy demonstrations that occurred in Kaohsiung, Taiwan December
> 10, 1979. Other names for the event include the Meilidao Incident and
> the Formosa Magazine incident.[1][2]
>
> The time period experienced a rising middle class, and a more open-
> minded Kuomintang (KMT) ruling regime that allowed some fostering of
> political opposition.[3] Taiwanese citizens were becoming weary of
> mainlander authority, and were eager for a more democratic society.
> The event turned into a series of political protests that led to
> public trials and arrests. It is considered a turning point for pro-
> democracy groups/KMT political oppositions.[3]
>
> Contents [hide]
> 1 Background
> 2 Incident
> 3 Arrests and imprisonment
> 3.1 Lin Yi-hsiung
> 3.2 Major groups
> 3.3 Others
> 4 Legacy
> 5 References
> 6 See also
>
> [edit] Background
> In the summer of 1979 a slight thaw had set in, during which two
> opposition magazines were established: Formosa Magazine, headed by
> veteran opposition Legislative Yuan-member Huang Hsin-chieh, and The
> Eighties, headed by up and coming opposition leader K'ang Ning-hsiang.
> Formosa Magazine quickly became the rallying point for the budding
> democratic movement. During the fall of 1979, it became increasingly
> vocal. December 10th became an opportunity to express views concerning
> the lack of democracy and human rights on the island. Prior to the
> event the atmosphere had become tense, because of increasingly violent
> attacks by right-wing extremists on offices of the magazine and homes
> of leading staff members.
>
> [edit] Incident
>
> 台湾省戒严令
> 维基百科,自由的百科全书
> 跳转到: 导航, 搜索
> 《台湾省戒严令》(正式名称:《台湾省警备总司令部布告戒字第壹号》),是一个于民国38年(1949年)5月19日由中华民国台湾省政府主席兼台湾省
> 警备总司令陈诚颁布的戒严令,内容为宣告自同年5月20日零时起在台湾省全境(含台湾本岛、澎湖群岛及其它附属岛屿)实施戒严,至民国76年(1987
> 年)7月15日由蒋经国总统宣布解严为止,共持续了38年又56天之久,是世界上持续时间次久的戒严。在台湾历史上,此戒严令实行的时期又被称为“戒严
> 时代”或“戒严时期”。
>
> 目录 [隐藏]
> 1 背景
> 2 戒严令的执行
> 2.1 戒严区的划分
> 2.2 其他相关法令
> 2.3 连坐保证制度
> 3 戒严令的解除
> 4 影响
> 5 参见
> 6 外部链接
>
> [编辑] 背景
> 维基文库中相关的原始文献:
> 台湾省警备总司令部布告戒字第壹号http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/台湾省警备总司令部布告戒字第壹号
> 由于国共内战情势对以国民党为主体的中华民国政府趋于不利,民国37年(1948年)12月10日国民政府在全国实行戒严,而与战场较远未受到影响的新
> 疆、西康、青海、台湾四省及西藏地方则不在范围之内,直到民国38年(1949年)5月20日台湾省全境宣布戒严。《台湾省戒严令》颁布后,中华民国政
> 府在大陆的情势持续恶化,中华民国政府于12月迁抵台北,而中国大陆则由共产党成立中华人民共和国,两岸开始进入长期对峙状态,中华民国台湾省戒严成为
> 稳固统治的重要法律。
>
> [编辑] 戒严令的执行
>
> Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist
> Rebellion
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
>  This article contains Chinese text.
> Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes,
> or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
>  This article or section includes a list of references or external
> links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline
> citations.
> You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations
> where appropriate. (February 2008)
>
> The Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist
> Rebellion (traditional Chinese: 動員戡亂時期臨時條款; pinyin: Dòngyuán kānluàn
> shíqī línshí tiáokuǎn) was a series of temporary constitutional
> provisions passed by the National Assembly of the Republic of China on
> May 10, 1948 and gave President Chiang Kai-shek extended powers amid
> the height of the Chinese Civil War with the Chinese Communists. The
> provisions halted democratic processes and allowed the president and
> Vice President of the Republic of China to be exempted from the two-
> term limit. After the Chinese mainland was lost to the Communists and
> the government retreated to Taiwan in December 1949, these provisions
> were to remain in effect until the mainland could be recovered from
> the Chinese Communists. However, the tension of the Cold War era
> gradually subsided during the 1980s as "retaking the mainland" became
> less of a possibility and the National Assembly on April 22, 1991,
> resolved to abolish the Temporary Provisions. On April 30 of the same
> year, President Lee Teng-hui declared the Period of Communist
> Rebellion to be terminated as of May 1.
>
> Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
> 動員戡亂時期臨時條款
> [edit] References
> History of Constitutional Revisions in the Republic of China
> Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
> Temporary_Provisions_Effective_During_the_Period_of_Communist_Rebellion"
> Categories: Law of the People's Republic of China | History of the
> Republic of China
> Hidden category: Articles lacking in-text citations
>
> 动员戡乱时期临时条款
> 维基百科,自由的百科全书
> 跳转到: 导航, 搜索
> 《动员戡乱时期临时条款》是《中华民国宪法》的附属条款。该条款是由国民大会所制定,并且在动员戡乱时期优于《宪法》而适用。该《条款》于民国37年
> (1948年)5月10日公布实施,直到民国80年(1991年)经国民大会决议及总统公告才于同年5月1日废止,共施行43年之久。
>
> 目录 [隐藏]
> 1 背景
> 2 条款内容
> 3 修正与沿用
> 4 废止
> 5 参见
> 6 参考资料
>
> [编辑] 背景
> 国民政府于1947年颁布了《中华民国宪法》,但在抗日战争刚结束的当时,中国共产党军队的势力逐渐扩大。于是蒋介石在7月4日向南京政府第六次“国务
> 会议”提交了“厉行全国总动员,以戡共匪叛乱”的动员令,并于次日公布,从此全国进入了“动员戡乱时期”。
>
> 1948年4月,召开第一届国民大会第一次会议。为扩大总统权力,许多国大代表提议要修改刚刚生效不到4个月的《宪法》。 但修改《宪法》又怕失掉民
> 心,磋商的结果认为最好的办法莫过于“为于暂不变《宪法》的范围内,予政府以临时应变之权力”。于是张群、王世杰等721名国大代表联名提出了“制定
> 《动员戡乱时期临时条款》”一案。于宣告动员戡乱期间,就国家实施紧急权之程序给予特别之规定,使之不受《宪法》本文规定之限制。4月18日,大会正式
> 通过该案,并于5月10日实行,并规定有效期为两年半。
>
> [编辑] 条款内容
> 规定总统在动员戡乱时期,为避免国家或人民遭遇紧急危难,或应付财政经济上重大变故,得经行政院会议之决议,为紧急处分,不受《宪法》第39条[1]或
> 第43条[2]所规定程序之限制。
>
> [编辑] 修正与沿用
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