http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/ Posts for sci.physics.fusion Fri, 12 Sep 2008 12:12:47 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/ http://www.nnseek.com/img/64.png 64 64 NNSeek http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/_41_lhc_to_tell_us_the_temperature_at_which_fusion_breakeven_130975888t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/_41_lhc_to_tell_us_the_temperature_at_which_fusion_breakeven_130975888t.html Equations. First being, that
superconductivity and tokamak fusion will guide us to a temperature
term for the Maxwell Equations.
Secondly, the Maxwell Equations become nullified once the temperature
rises above a upper bound
which is somewhere between 10^12 to 10^17 Kelvin.

Thirdly, the first Maxwell Equations to be nullified are the Faraday
and Ampere Laws, so the temperature
term would fit in the Displacement-Current of Ampere law and the
Displacement-Magnetism in the
Faraday Law.

Fourthly, there are more questions than answers. Does the Coulomb law
have a temperature term?
I think the answer is no, in that the Coulomb law is not nullified as
is the Faraday and Ampere laws.

Fifthly, to fit a temperature term into the Faraday and Ampere law
would be to have the Displacement
Current and Displacement Magnetism terms cancel out the Faraday and
Ampere terms. So we have
a natural spot to place the temperature term.

Sixthly, the temperature term would easily describe superconductivity,
in that you could have
superconduction all the way up to 10^17 Kelvin in that superconduction
is a capacitor-current.
So as long as a Capacitor is possible to exist physically, you can
have a superconduction
current. So the ability to have capacitor follows in suit with the
ability to have Faraday and
Ampere law.

Seventhly, tokamak fusion, likes hot temperatures, the hotter the
better, but the energy to control
increasing temperature is lost when the temperature reaches the point
where the Faraday and Ampere
laws are nullified. So at some temperature, inside the Tokamak, where
the Faraday and Ampere
laws are annulled, is the point in which only 2/3 breakeven is the
maximum breakeven.

Eighly, since we have the LHC in operation, is a good opportunity to
investigate the temperature at
which tokamak fusion has reached maximum breakeven. If you look at the
LHC, you realize
it is really a tokamak that allows us to "peek and look" inside. It
was fortunate that the LHC was
built before building ITER, since ITER will not let us look inside at
the events going on. So the LHC
allows us this opportunity to find this critical temperature. The
temperature in which the Faraday
and Ampere laws are annulled. It would be the temperature at which no
superconductivity can exist
since no capacitors can exist. And it is the temperature at which
tokamak fusion has reached
its maximum breakeven which is 2/3.

Archimedes Plutonium
www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies

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]]> Fri, 12 Sep 2008 12:12:47 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/schrodinger_s_universe_the_new_book_written_by_dr_milo_130668688t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/schrodinger_s_universe_the_new_book_written_by_dr_milo_130668688t.html change science.

http://www.amperefitz.com/schrodi.htm


(Click link above to read.)

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]]> Thu, 11 Sep 2008 08:48:36 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/when_will_we_get_controlable_fusion_130668432t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/when_will_we_get_controlable_fusion_130668432t.html
Fitz

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]]> Thu, 11 Sep 2008 08:48:00 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/the_science_of_low_energy_nuclear_reaction_a_comprehensive_129470864t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/the_science_of_low_energy_nuclear_reaction_a_comprehensive_129470864t.html http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/science-low-energy-nuclear-reaction/book/978...

The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Comprehensive Compilation of
Evidence and Explanations about Cold Fusion
Edmund Storms

One of the most important discoveries of this century -- cold fusion -- was
summarily rejected by science and the media before sufficient evidence had
been accumulated to make a rational judgment possible. Enough evidence is
now available to show that this rejection was wrong and that the discovery
of a new source of clean energy may help solve some serious problems
currently facing mankind. The book catalogues and evaluates this evidence
and shows why the initial reaction was driven more by self-interest than
fact. This book is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the
history and science behind the cold fusion controversy. In addition to the
technological importance of the effect, the discovery of new ways to
initiate nuclear reactions without producing significant radiation reveals
an entirely new mechanism operating at the nuclear level in solid material.
This new mechanism has important implications for an understanding of many
other phenomena.

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]]> Sun, 07 Sep 2008 00:59:44 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/evidence_for_tritium_production_in_the_earth_s_int_129470608t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/evidence_for_tritium_production_in_the_earth_s_int_129470608t.html http://www.springerlink.com/content/c661416246315m77/

Evidence for tritium production in the Earth's interior
Journal Chinese Science Bulletin
Publisher Science Press, co-published with Springer-Verlag GmbH
ISSN 1001-6538 (Print) 1861-9541 (Online)
Issue Volume 53, Number 4 / February, 2008
Category Articles
DOI 10.1007/s11434-008-0032-z
Pages 540-547
Subject Collection Biomedical and Life Sciences
SpringerLink Date Thursday, February 07, 2008


Jiang SongSheng 1 and He Ming 1

(1) Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, P.O.
Box 275(49), Beijing, 102413, China

Received: 13 November 2006 Accepted: 3 June 2007

Abstract

We have made a new investigation on the vertical profiles of tritium and
helium isotopes in Lakes Van and Nemrut (Eastern Turkey), using experimental
data from the reference by Kipfer et al. for study of long-term vertical
mixing and deep water renewal in Lake Van. Lakes Van and Nemrut are crater
lakes. Lake Nemrut is at the western border of Lake Van. The 3He and 4He are
injected at the bottom of Lakes Van and Nemrut, and the both helium isotopes
are confirmed from the mantle source. From 3H (tritium) data in Lakes Van
and Nemrut, we have observed "3H anomaly" at the vertical profile of 3H
concentrations in Lake Nemrut. The 3H concentration at the lake bottom is
10%% higher than at the surface. The difference of 3H concentrations between
surface and bottom is about 3.7±1.2 TU. This excess 3H should be injected
from the lake bottom. An investigation on the origin of the injected tritium
has been made. The results show the conventional origins are excluded, such
as residence of precipitation tritium from nuclear testing in the early
1950s-1960s and tritium from known nuclear reactions. Based on the
correlation of excess 3H with 3He and heat flow in Lake Nemrut, we infer
that the 3He and 3H might be all from the mantle source, and produced by the
supposed natural-nuclear-fusion, which might occur in an environment rich in
water (H) and (U + Th) at high temperature and high pressure in the deep
Earth. Detection of tritium in the Earth's interior is a key evidence for
exploration of natural nuclear fusion in the deep Earth. Based on the
published data, we have found that the excess 3He and 3H injected at the
bottom of Lake Laacher (Germany) were also released from the mantle source.
The present work will be helpful to the further study of mechanism of
natural nuclear fusion in the Earth's interior.
Keywords tritium - Earth's interior - natural nuclear fusion - crater lake

Supported by the President Foundation of the China Institute of Atomic
Energy

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]]> Sun, 07 Sep 2008 00:50:58 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/challenging_dominant_physics_paradigms_129469840t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/challenging_dominant_physics_paradigms_129469840t.html http://works.bepress.com/bmartin/23/

Challenging dominant physics paradigms
J. M. Campanario, Universidad de Alcala, Spain
B. Martin, University of Wollongong

Article comments
This article was originally published as: Campanario, JM & Martin, B,
Challenging dominant physics paradigms, Journal of Scientific Exploration,
2004, 18(3), pp. 421-438.

Abstract

There are many well-qualified scientists who question long-established
physics theories even when paradigms are not in crisis. Challenging
scientific orthodoxy is difficult because most scientists are educated and
work within current paradigms and have little career incentive to examine
unconventional ideas. Dissidence is a strategic site for learning about the
dynamics of science. Dozens of well-qualified scientists who challenge
dominant physics paradigms were contacted to determine how they try to
overcome resistance to their ideas. Some such challengers obtain funding in
the usual ways; others tap unconventional sources or use their own funds.
For publishing, many challengers use alternative journals and attend
conferences dedicated to alternative viewpoints; publishing on the web is of
special importance. Only a few physics dissidents come under attack,
probably because they have not achieved enough prominence to be seen as a
threat. Physics could benefit from greater openness to challenges; one way
to promote this is to expose students to unconventional views.

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]]> Sun, 07 Sep 2008 00:37:51 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/connection_of_preparata_qed_theory_and_d_pd_d_cluster_129468048t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/connection_of_preparata_qed_theory_and_d_pd_d_cluster_129468048t.html http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR08/Event/74879

2008 APS March Meeting
Monday-Friday, March 10-14, 2008; New Orleans, Louisiana

Session A17: Cold Fusion
8:00 AM-11:00 AM, Monday, March 10, 2008
Morial Convention Center - 209

Sponsoring Unit: DCMP
Chair: Scott Chubb, Naval Research Laboratory


Abstract: A17.00015 : Connection of Preparata QED Theory and D-Pd-D Cluster
Theory for Cold Fusion Reactions
10:48 AM-11:00 AM


Abstract

Authors: Linchon Wu, George Miley
(University of Illinois, NPRE Department, 103 S. Goodwin Ave)


G. Preparata earlier proposed a radical new QED theory, and had just begun
application to cold fusion prior to his untimely death.\footnote{G.
Preparata, ``QED Coherence in Matter'', World Scientific Press, Singapore,
1997.} We have since used a variation of his theory to explain D-Pd-D
cluster reactions in certain cold fusion experiments.\footnote{George H.
Miley, et al., ``Evidence and Theory for Cluster Reactions In LENRs'', these
APS Proceedings.} An ensemble of D atoms loaded into Pd can assume two
different configurations coupled with the intrinsic EM field. A coherent
state forms above critical density and temperature thresholds. This new
state has lower energy than the Pd lattice where D-Pd-D atoms oscillate
between the two configurations in tune with an EM field arising from vacuum
fluctuations and co-resonating atoms. This form ``coherence domains'' (CDs)
of micron size for PdD. CDs hold two mesoscopic components, a coherent
fraction of D-Pd-D and a non- coherent fraction of interstitial Ds.. Large
``cage'' of CD's forms with a definite phase and zero entropy, trapping a
``gas'' of non-coherent Ds. In our D-Pd-D cluster theory this results in
intense nuclear reactions.

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]]> Sun, 07 Sep 2008 00:18:21 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/shell_correction_and_pairing_energies_in_the_dinuclear_129465232t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/shell_correction_and_pairing_energies_in_the_dinuclear_129465232t.html http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0256-307X/25/1/022

Shell Correction and Pairing Energies in the Dinuclear System Model
Wang Nan et al 2008 Chinese Phys. Lett. 25 77-80

Wang Nan1, Li Jun-Qing2,4 and Zhao En-Guang3,4
1 College of Physics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060
2 Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000
3 Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100080
4 Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Laboratory of Heavy ion
Accelerator, Lanzhou 730000
E-mail: wangnan@szu.edu.cn (Wang Nan)

Abstract.

We investigate the dependences of the potential energy surfaces (PES) and
the fusion probabilities for some cold fusion reactions leading to
super-heavy elements on the nuclear shell effect and pairing energy. It is
found that the shell effect plays an important role in the fusion of the
super-heavy element while pairing energy's contribution is insignificant.
The fusion probabilities and evaporation residue cross sections as functions
of the Ge-isotope projectile bombarding 208Pb are also investigated. It is
found that evaporation residue cross sections do not always increase with
the increasing neutron number of Ge-isotope.

PACS numbers: 25.70.Jj, 24.10.-i

Print publication: Issue 1 (January 2008)
Received 23 August 2007

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]]> Sat, 06 Sep 2008 23:58:26 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/fusion_failure_128783760t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/fusion_failure_128783760t.html pressure hydrogen in the inductor of the tank circuit of a Hartley
oscillator with an anode potential of 500 volts.

I have tried hydrogen at 3 Tor, 0.001 Tor and 1 microbar but I cannot get
the hydrogen to ionise. I even put electrodes into the hydrogen tube during
manufacter and still the hydrogen did not ionise.

I succeded in getting a fluorescent tube to light.

Has anyone any idea what pressure I should use? I want to get it to ionise
as easily as the fluorescent tube.

--
Chris

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]]> Thu, 04 Sep 2008 12:45:00 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/the_origin_of_our_natural_laws_can_be_seen_by_returning_128484496t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.physics.fusion/the_origin_of_our_natural_laws_can_be_seen_by_returning_128484496t.html Schrödinger's Universe: to a concept that Schrödinger gave us.

This short excerpt copied with permission from: http://www.rbduncan.com/schrod.htm



What is space ? What is force ?

There is no such thing as force in the tensor math of General
Relativity. There is only more space, than average, where repulsive
force exists between two objects. In addition, there is less space,
than average, existing between two gravitational objects that have an
attractive force between them. Thus as Saul Perlmutter has shown, we
get Einstein's cosmological constant (exact opposite repulsive force
of gravity) and gravity becomes a bi-polar force like all the other
invisible forces.

This bi-polar aspect also exists in all the fundamental forces giving
us our mistaken notion of having North or South poles for magnetism
and + or - for charge. Mistaken notion? Yes! Two electrons, with the
same spin on the same spin axis, magnetically attract because both
spins are in phase and this polar attraction is strong because both
entire electrons are spinning in phase with each other. Their entire
spin frequencies are in phase. The equatorial side to side magnetic
attraction of a spin up with a spin down electron is a weaker
attraction because only the closest sides, of the two electrons, are
in phase. However, these magnetic binding strengths are reversed with
sigma and pi bondings because even though pi bonding --same spin, same
spin axis, polar attraction -- should be the more powerful bond it is
not because it is a repetitious but periodic, polar positioning while
a sigma bond is a steady bond over a much longer time period. Charge
comes about because of similar circumstances too. All of our NATURAL
LAWS stem from in phase and out of phase items with the surroundings
giving an average out of phase conditioning. Therefore, force is
simple: it's more space, than average, where repulsive force exists
and less space, than average, where an attractive force exists. Niels
Bohr won the Nobel Prize for seeing electrons as spherical particles
on orbits. Better apply that concept again to see how this all works.
I intend to use this concept that gives the right answers regardless
of its diminution among my present peers.

Thus, the tensor math of GR shows you exactly what the origin of space
is: It's telling us essentially that space and force are, in a way,
equivalent.

Space is nothing more than the "average force field" between
surrounding entities while force is the same as in GR: force is the
difference -- either more or less -- of this "average field" between
certain separate entities. As we proceed, you will see that this
concept of quanta is absolutely necessary to completely understand
both space and force.

Einstein noted: "Gravity is a wave." Therefore, it has a certain
frequency. This is the hidden secret of the origin of our NATURAL LAWS
where each of the fundamental forces is in a different frequency band.
Thus, space also comes in different frequencies as well. This gives us
four distinct, different gauges (frequency space-time realms). Now we
not only see the reason for the rules of quantum mechanics but we see
it's somewhat similar to -- a different frequency acts as a different
dimension -- what the string theorists are telling us.



For more see: http://www.rbduncan.com/schrod.htm

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