Viruses rule the deep sea
Posted by Alla Katsnelson
[Entry posted at 27th August 2008 06:00 PM GMT]

Viruses in the deepest ocean environments are unexpectedly strong
regulators of the deep sea biosphere, according to a paper published
tomorrow (August 28) in Nature.

By infecting and killing bacteria and other prokaryotes viruses are
the main producers of the organic matter that sustains life at 1000 meters
deep and below. By generating this biomass, viruses also make major
contributions to the carbon cycle and other geochemical processes.

"This shows that a very large amount of the carbon that reaches the
sea floor is going through pathways that were commonly thought to be
relatively minor," said Jed Fuhrman, an ocean biologist at the University of
Southern California who was not involved in the study. "The whole idea that
viruses have any significance in marine systems is only 15 to 20 years old."

Approximately 65%% of the Earth is dominated by deep sea, or benthic,
ecosystems. The sea floor is one of the hardest environments for research,
Fuhrman explained, because of the distances and logistical challenges
involved in conducting experiments.

The researchers, led by Roberto Danovaro of the Polytechnic University
of Marche, Italy, collected 232 samples of sediment from the deep sea. They
found that viruses were surprisingly abundant in their samples, and that
they were reproducing locally, rather than migrating down from surface
waters. The deeper the water, the more virus-induced death they observed in
the bacteria, with viral infection responsible for about 80%% of bacterial
death in the deep sea samples. "The viruses are the key agents of mortality
in bacteria," said Antonio Dell'Anno of the Polytechnic University of
Marche, Italy, an author on the study.

"The result is a huge amount of organic material released by killing
these cells," which in turn "represents new food for other cells that have
not been infected by viruses," he said. It's also a carbon source that acts
as "a sort of shunt," he explained, regulating the metabolism of the deep
sea. Virus-induced bacterial death, the researchers estimate, produces as
much as 0.37 to 0.63 gigatonnes of carbon each year. The fact that the
turnover of biomass is so dynamic came as a surprise to researchers, he
said.

"Previously, people hadn't thought about viruses when they did their
benthic modeling," said Fuhrman, adding that the study's strength lies in
the fact that the researchers collected data from many deep ocean locations.
The discovery that there's such a high degree of carbon production in deep
sea environments means that researchers will now have to adapt their models
of ocean functioning and how it contributes to the overall carbon cycle,
both he and Dell'Anno noted.

Source: TheScientist
http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/54977/

Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek