http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/ Posts for sci.anthropology.paleo Mon, 22 Sep 2008 15:52:12 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/ http://www.nnseek.com/img/64.png 64 64 NNSeek http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/barack_hussein_obama_is_a_false_christian_he_is_a_socialist_71072494t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/barack_hussein_obama_is_a_false_christian_he_is_a_socialist_71072494t.html http://groups.google.com/group/religion-politica/browse_thread/thread/f98040b3b3...


BARACK OBAMA IS A SOCIALIST AND MUSLIM, he loves Fidel... je, je ...
Look the president of Iran with Fidel's pupil Hugo Chavez, je, je ! :
http://www.moonbattery.com/archives/Hugo_Chavez_Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad.jpg


A L A R M ! ! ! :

And try to review in the same link about the dirty & secret war of
FIDEL CASTRO against USA and partners:
http://groups.google.com/group/religion-politica/web/la-guerra-sucia-de-fidel-ca...

The dirty clothes of Barack Obama here:
http://mipagina.univision.com/alien777

http://club.telepolis.com/otokan/false-christian.mht (open only with
I.E.)

Don't forget this link with secret info never saw (put in favorities):
http://groups.google.com/group/religion-politica/topics

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

no comments

Reply

]]> Mon, 22 Sep 2008 15:52:12 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/mammalian_fossils_exposed_on_carboniferous_ground_70960622t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/mammalian_fossils_exposed_on_carboniferous_ground_70960622t.html
Fig. 1 below is labelled with numerous soft tissues fossilized and
exposed on the Carboniferous ground in Mahanoy city, Pennsylvania (see
google map in Fig. 2). Figure 1 was photographed many years ago and
appeared in the website www.edconrad.com

No one noticed the soft tissue fossil on the ground until I expanded
the photo by 400%%. Fig. 1 also contained a long fossil bone, evidenced
by Haversian canals labelled at the broken end of the fossil. Such a
bone could only belong to a mammal. No mammals in the Carboniferous
age?

Fig. 1: http://www.wretch.cc/album/show.php?i=lin440315&b=20&f=1555343378&p=103


Fig. 2:
http://www.wretch.cc/album/show.php?i=lin440315&b=13&f=1588674516&p=83

Source of Fig. 1: http://www.edconrad.com

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

no comments

Reply

]]> Sat, 20 Sep 2008 21:40:36 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/foolish_reporters_will_tell_you_these_could_not_be_70956270t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/foolish_reporters_will_tell_you_these_could_not_be_70956270t.html Martian animal and numerous cells, as NASA is not scheduled
to verify them until the next Mars mission.

Martian animal is in Fig. 1.
Numerous Martian cell remains are in Fig. 2.
Silts are in Fig. 3.
Some reporters cannot tell silts from cells, as both could have
a size of 2 micrometers to 60 micrometers. The difference
between the two in two-dimensional photos is that silts, unlike
cells, are irregular and have sharp angles (See Ref. 1).
Fig. 1:
http://www.wretch.cc/album/show.php?i=lin440315&b=20&f=1555128108&p=15

Fig. 2:
http://www.wretch.cc/album/show.php?i=lin440315&b=20&f=1555314562&p=93

Fig. 3:
http://www.wretch.cc/album/show.php?i=lin440315&b=20&f=1555343375&p=100

Ref. 1:
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/SoilMech/classification/soilclas.htm

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

no comments

Reply

]]> Sat, 20 Sep 2008 19:29:48 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/google_moore_aat_70932974t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/google_moore_aat_70932974t.html
A bunch of lies, distortions, irrelevancies & misinterpretations of a
netloon without any insight in biology & without any sense of humour.
The man ended his "critique" of my work by saying:

"The reason Verhaegen is such a source of false "facts" and nonsensical
statements is perhaps explained by his incredible admission in response to
someone asking why he believed a particular piece of nonsense: "I once read
it somewhere, and I believe everything what I read, at least until I find
evidence of the opposite." This folks, when it comes to science, is a recipe
for disaster."

The poor guy didn't even realise that this was about his Savanna Fiction...

:-D

SFs are stupid stupid stupid.

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

no comments

Reply

]]> Sat, 20 Sep 2008 10:53:28 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/facts_shocking_but_true_70921710t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/facts_shocking_but_true_70921710t.html
FACTS SHOCKING BUT TRUE!

1. The real, original and genuine Name of our Creator in the
original Hebrew Holy Scriptures is 'YAO-HOO' and that of the
genuine Messiah is 'YAO-HOO-SHUA.'

(accented on the syllable 'hoo')

2. Salvation is found in nobody else for there is no other
name under heaven given to men for salvation except:
'YAOHÚSHUA' - Acts 4:12, Holy Scriptures.

3. Whoever calls upon the Name of 'YAOHÚSHUA' shall be saved
from all the curses and penalties of sin, such as poverty,
diseases, failures, bankruptcies, losses, earthquakes, wars,
frustrations, AIDS, torment, insanity, family breakdowns,
rebellions, divorces, tragedies, natural catastrophes,
violence, death and hell - Deuteronomy 28, Holy Scriptures.

4. All have sinned and come short of the glory of YÁOHU UL,
the Holy One of Israel; and the wages of sin is death. That's
why unless a person is spiritually REBORN, he cannot enter
the Kingdom of YÁOHU UL! - John 3:3, Holy Scriptures.

(pronounced: yao-hoo ool, accented on the syllable 'yao')

5. For YÁOHU UL so loved the world that He gave His one and
only Son, the Messiah YAOHÚSHUA, that whoever believes in Him
shall not perish but have eternal life! - John 3:16, Holy
Scriptures

6. Salvation is a FREE GIFT of YÁOHU UL, out of the richness
of His grace, not of works. No one shall be acquitted in
YÁOHU UL's sight by obedience to the law, for to break a single
command in the law of Moses is the same as breaking all of them!
- Ephesians 2:8-9 and James 2:10, New Testament, Holy Scriptures.

7. And this is life eternal: that you may know YÁOHU UL,
the only true Creator and the Messiah Whom He sent - YAOHÚSHUA!
- John 17:3, Holy Scriptures

8. YAOHÚSHUA is the only Way, the Truth and the Life;
no one can approach the Father, YÁOHU UL, except through the
Messiah YAOHÚSHUA alone! All you have to do is to believe
in His Name, make and receive the Messiah YAOHÚSHUA in your
heart as your one and only individual life Ruler and Savior!
Now is your time to repent, believe and trust the genuine
Messiah YAOHÚSHUA to save you! - John 14:6, 1:12-13, Holy
Scriptures

9. YAOHÚSHUA the Messiah died in your behalf, as your
personal Substitute, and He personally suffered the penalties
of all your sins! All you must now do is to believe and
receive all the benefits of His redemptive work, it's that
easy and simple. All your sins were already forgiven when
the Messiah YAOHÚSHUA took on Himself all the penalties of
your sins, and the only thing you must do now is to REPENT
then believe, receive and personally appropriate for yourself
all the eternal benefits of His total, complete redemption!

10. Our Creator-Head exists in a TRIUNE Eternal Nature:
the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. 'Triune' means
three fully-united Eternal Beings. - 1 John 5:7, Holy Scriptures

11. You must not use the most-reverend, original Name of
YÁOHU UL disrespectfully nor irreverently. You will not
escape YÁOHU UL GABOR's punishment if you do. - Exodus 20:7,
Holy Scriptures

12. The most-revered Name of our Creator-Head was CHANGED
when the Hebrew 'Holy Scriptures' was translated into
different languages and dialects; thus, the Name of our
Creator and His Messiah was CHANGED into DIFFERENT names
of various pagan and cultic idols!

Be sure you are not relying on fake creators and false
messiahs! Beware! It's your life and only soul at risk!
Prepare for eternity now!

Discover truths that will set you free! Truths long ignored
by many and which only the original Messiah YAOHÚSHUA can
reveal to honest seekers of truth!

YAOHÚSHUA is the Truth! YAOHÚSHUA is the genuine Messiah
and no one else! He can really save, deliver, heal, protect,
prosper and help you!

Remember, THERE IS NO OTHER NAME under heaven given to men
for salvation except this Name above every name: YAOHÚSHUA!

Salvation is found in no other name, repeat, no other name!

Call or write soonest for your free literature which reveal
clear, obvious yet ignored facts in the Holy Scriptures
(Biblia Hebraica)!

"'YÁOHU' - this is My Name forever by which I am to be called
and remembered from generation to generation!" - Exodus 3:15,
Holy Scriptures

'Salvation is found in nobody else for there is no other name
under heaven given to men for salvation except the Name:
YAOHÚSHUA!' - Acts 4:12, Holy Scriptures

For further enlightening revelation knowledge, please
avail of the following HTML or TEXT guidelines soonest:

Titles Filenames

'YAO-HOO-SHUA - The Messiah' YAOHUSH.TXT
'YAOHÚSHUA - The Healer and Exorcist' HEALER.TXT
'Messiah's Qualifications' QUALI.TXT
'Free Gift Especially for You!' GIFTS.TXT
'YAOHÚSHUA in the Triune Eternal' TRIUNE.TXT
'How to Deal With Your Authorities' AUTHOR.TXT
'The YAOHÚSHUA Exposes!' FALSE.TXT

These are some of the most-important guidelines you'll ever
read in your entire life! Next to the Holy Scriptures, of course.
So quickly avail of all these highly-revealing guidelines now for
your spiritual awakening and growth!

These guidelines are available in HTML, TEXT and ZIP
compressed format at the following Internet sites:

============================

Home WWW URL:
http:/www.YAOHUSHUA.org/index.html

E-mail Address: Coha...@YAOHUSHUA.org

At the mention of the Name: YAOHÚSHUA, every knee must bow in
heaven, on earth, and under the earth, to the glory of YÁOHU
UL in heaven!

Contact us now at this E-Mail address: YAOHUS...@email.msn.com

Do it now!

Every knee must bow at this Name: Y A O H Ú S H U A !

Y A O H Ú S H U A - the genuine Name above every name!

Whoever calls upon the Name 'YAOHÚSHUA' shall be saved!

Search for the TRUTH, and the truth shall set you free!

Y A O H Ú S H U A - the only hope in this world!

Believe and receive Him now!

All this is given to you in true love and deep humility,
'beh hol-Shúam' (in the Name of) YAOHÚSHUA hol-MEHUSHKHÁY,
amnów!

=== End of File ===

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

no comments

Reply

]]> Sat, 20 Sep 2008 07:39:21 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/there_are_two_theories_to_explain_the_origin_of_mountains_70909166t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/there_are_two_theories_to_explain_the_origin_of_mountains_70909166t.html
http://www.elnaggarzr.com/en/main.php?id=62&Shift=1

There were large depositional basins from seas and oceans ranging from
hundreds of kilometers in length, tens of kilometers in width to more
than one hundred meters depth. Many clastic and non-clastic types of
sediments were deposited and accumulated in the floors of theses
basins, in the form of throwing from up to down to form sedimentary
rocks. The continuous thickening of these rocks caused loads and led
to subsidence of the basin floor. This subsidence was accompanied by
volcanic activity in the form of eruptions throwing the lava
upwardly. The result was a thick intercalated sequence (about 1500m
thick) form sedimentary and volcanic rocks. However, the depositional
basins are bounded by active deep rifting faults which keep the
continuous subsidence of the basins and two opposite wards the
processes of deposition downwardly and the eruption of lava upwardly.



2. Plate Tectonic Theory: This recent theory depends on some facts
in explaining the origin of mountains as follow:



1. The earth’s crust is broken up into plates or partitions called
“tectonic plates” through cracks that can range from 65 to 150
kilometers in depth. The plate that forms the ocean floor is called
‘oceanic plate’ and that which forms the continent is called
‘continental plate’. Around the earth there are about 12 large plates
and several small ones. These plates which formed from continental or
oceanic crust float on hot, semi-molten materials of weak sphere
(Asthenosphere). There is continuous movement between the adjacent
plates, which is extensional, compressional or transformable
(sliding), occurs along a relatively narrow zone where plate tectonic
forces are most active. Usually, these movements are accompanied by
volcanic and seismic activities (earthquakes). The volcanoes erupt and
throw lava and magma to the surface until the magma gathers and
crystallize as volcanic rocks creating a mountain which can reach
heights of up to thousands of meters above sea level. This is because
volcano activity can last for 20- 30 years (although some volcanoes
have been recorded as staying active for more than a thousand million
years).



Examples of volcanic mountains include: Mount Ararat in Turkey
(5100m), Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy (3300m), Mount Vesuvius in Italy
(1300m), Kilimanjaro in Tanzania (5900m) and Mount Kenya in Kenya
(5100m).



2. Throughout the field studies it was noted that; orogenic belts
consist of rocks that have been folded intensively, thrust long
distances horizontally, often metamorphosed, intruded with granite and
elevated to form mountain chains. These belts result from the forces
of compression and convergent movements of the plates, which makes up
the solid outer part of the Earth’s crust. These forces usually rise
at the margins of discrete rigid plates and are accounted for by the
theory of plate tectonics. Two main types of plate are found as
mentioned before: continental plates that consist of relatively light
rocks and heavier oceanic plates, which lie under most of the ocean
basins of the world. Compression occurs when two plates converge and
one sinks below the other along a subduction zone. Convergence, and
the subsequent collision that generates compression, takes in three
forms: collision between oceanic plate with continental one, two
continental plates or between two oceanic plates.



The first of these forms develops when convergence occurs along active
continental margins where an oceanic plate is passing under the edge
of a continental plate. As the oceanic plate descends into the mantle
of the earth, it is melted and injected back into the crust, with
volcanic activity to form mountain chain consists mainly of volcanic
rocks. The second form of collision takes place between two oceanic
plates leading to the subsidence of one of them and forming a series
of islands in the form of ‘volcanic island arc’ in another oceanic
plate. If this process continues, the volcanic island arc can be
carried on the oceanic plate towards the continent where it collides
with the continental plate—this is called an arc-continent collision.
Sedimentary rocks which have accumulated in the sea basin between the
island arc and the continental plate are folded, faulted, and thrust
into an elevated position over the margin of the continental plate
towards the centre of the continent along a plane or surface known as
a decollement. The island arc eventually becomes involved in this
compression and the rocks of which it was composed are often
metamorphosed by heat and pressure and injected with granite.



The third form of compression and orogeny results from continent-
continent collision (two continental plates). Typically in this type
of collision, two continents converge, one with a passive margin in
which the continental and oceanic crust are welded together, the other
with an active margin where the subduction of the oceanic crust under
the continent eventually causes the closure of the intervening ocean
basin. As closure begins, slices of the oceanic crust and any sediment
that they carry are thrust on to the continental margins. As the
thrust continues the slices are folded and elevated and eventually
move horizontally, possibly sliding due to gravity on to the
continents to form huge folds or thrust-nappes. These nappes become
eroded to form the mountain chains. As compression continues in the
closing gap, high pressures and temperatures generate a linear zone in
which the rocks are metamorphosed, eventually welding the continents
together along a continental suture.

Forces associated with extension (spreading) or stretching in the
Earth’s crust also produce mountain ranges. Such forces occur where
two plates are diverging or moving apart. At the early stages of
development this divergence can lead to continental rupture where
arching upwards and splitting of the crust occurs. Along the line of
divergence a rift valley develops with the crack in the centre being
continually filled with rising magma. Blocks on either side fall or
slide down the side of the rift creating a mountainous landscape.


Description of the mountains as having deep roots and acting as
anchorages:



The modern theory of plate tectonics holds that mountains act as
anchorages for the earth’s crust. The crust is broken up into several
tectonic plates through cracks that range from 65 to 150 kilometers in
depth; there are about 12 large plates and several small ones. These
plates, which contain the world’s continents and oceans, float on hot,
semi-molten material, drifting and bumping against one another.
Movement between the plates occurs along a relatively narrow zone
where plate tectonic forces are most active i.e. in a weak zone of the
earth’s crust. Thus the movement of those plates floating on molten
magma coupled with the Earth’s movement around itself amount to a lot
of force.



In addition, as the ocean basin grows as the sea floor spreads, the
magma injected at the line of divergence creates a new mountain range
called a mid-oceanic ridge. Thus, the only factor that limits the
ferocity of the movement of the plates are the mountains that act as
definite stabilizers for the earth’s crust, safeguarding the
continents and oceans from constantly running into each other and not
only does it decrease their velocity, it also regulates their
movement!



Modern earth sciences have proven that mountains have deep roots under
the surface of the ground and that these roots are several times their
elevation above the surface of the Earth. We can thus safely conclude
that the Qur’an’s description is accurate; the mountains are actually
pegs in the earth’s weakest zones to anchor it firmly in the same way
that we use anchors to firmly pin ships to the ground.



The link between the formation of mountains, rivers and paths:



A river is a flow of water along a channel from highlands to
lowlands. The great majority of rivers eventually discharge either
into seas or lakes, although some rivers disappear due to water loss
through seepage into the ground and evaporation into the air.



The importance of rivers dwarfs their volumetric size (0.006 percent
of all the fresh water of the earth). This is because river water
flows down with gravity, giving it the power to mould the landscape
through erosion, transportation and the deposition of rocks and
sediments, making it a dynamic and renewable natural resource for
human, plant, and animal life. The water cycle begins when water
evaporates from the oceans into the atmosphere. Atmospheric water
returns to Earth as precipitation in the form of rain, hail or snow.
The amount of water reaching the ground depends on many factors but in
general, highlands receive more precipitation than lowlands and most
rivers originate in mountains. When precipitation reaches the ground,
it usually seeps into the soil, either percolating down to the water-
table to become groundwater, or flowing slowly downhill as through-
flow. However, during heavy storms, due to human activity compacting
the soil surface or covering it with concrete, or if the soil is
already saturated, not all the water is able to infiltrate and the
excess collects on the surface before flowing downhill to the nearest
stream as overland flow. Water that reaches the river either by
through-flow or overland flow is termed run-off. The role of the river
in the water cycle is to complete the cycle by collecting run-off from
the surrounding area (drainage basin) and carrying it back to the
ocean or a lake in order to replace water that has evaporated. At
this point, we can guess the obvious connection between rivers and
mountains explained to us in the Qur’an long ago.



However, with the ever changing climate, rivers can eventually dry out
leaving their channels as pathways and roads for humans and animals
alike to use; this is the association the Qur’an points out between
rivers and roads. Rivers are the best means that Allah created for
pathways in otherwise inaccessible locations such as mountains, hills
and plateaus.



Conclusion



These facts were unknown to man for a long time. He started to gather
information about nature and its mysteries slowly, but it was only in
the mid-nineteenth century that these explanations started to make
some sense and the bigger picture did not come into view until the mid
1960s.



The precise mention of such facts, is an assertion that the Noble
Qur’an cannot be man-made and bears witness to the Prophethood and the
message of the seal of the Prophet (SAWS) who received it. It proves
how the Prophet was connected to the revelation and taught by the
Creator. This come in assertion to the words of Allah that can be
translated as, “And those to whom knowledge has come see that the
(Revelation) sent down to thee from thy Lord, is the Truth, and that
it guides to the Path of the Exalted (in Might), Worthy of all
praise.” (Surat Saba' (Sheba): 6).

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

9 Comments

Reply

]]> Sat, 20 Sep 2008 05:34:54 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/news_research_pushes_back_history_of_crop_development_70899950t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/news_research_pushes_back_history_of_crop_development_70899950t.html Research pushes back history of crop development 10,000 years

Researchers led by Dr Robin Allaby of the University of Warwick's plant research arm Warwick HRI have found evidence that genetics supports the idea that the emergence of agriculture in prehistory took much longer than originally thought.

Until recently researchers say the story of the origin of agriculture was one of a relatively sudden appearance of plant cultivation in the Near East around 10,000 years ago spreading quickly into Europe and dovetailing conveniently with ideas about how quickly language and population genes spread from the Near East to Europe. Initially, genetics appeared to support this idea but now cracks are beginning to appear in the evidence underpinning that model

Now a team led by Dr Robin Allaby from the University of Warwick have developed a new mathematical model that shows how plant agriculture actually began much earlier than first thought, well before the Younger Dryas (the last "big freeze" with glacial conditions in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere). It also shows that useful gene types could have actually taken thousands of years to become stable.

Up till now researchers believed in a rapid establishment of efficient agriculture which came about as artificial selection was easily able to dominate natural plant selection, and, crucially, as a consequence they thought most crops came from a single location and single domestication event.

However recent archaeological evidence has already begun to undermine this model pushing back the date of the first appearance of plant agriculture. The best example of this being the archaeological site Ohalo II in Syria where more than 90,000 plant fragments from 23,000 years ago show that wild cereals were being gathered over 10,000 years earlier than previously thought, and before the last glacial maximum (18,000-15,000 years ago).

The field of Archaeobotany is also producing further evidence to undermine the quick development model. The tough rachis mutant is caused by a single recessive allele (one gene on a pair or group of genes) , and this mutant is easily identifiable in the archaeological specimens as a jagged scar on the chaff of the plant noting an abscission (shedding of a body part) as opposed to the smooth abscission scar associated with the wild type brittle rachis.

Simply counting the proportion of chaff types in a sample gives a direct measure of frequency of the two different gene types in this plant. That study has shown that the tough rachis mutant appeared some 9,250 years ago and had not reached fixation over 3,000 years later even after the spread of agriculture into Europe was well underway. Studies like these have shown that the rise of the domestication syndrome was a slow process and that plant traits appeared in slow sequence, not together over a short period of time.

Genome wide surveys of crops such as einkorn and barley that in the past that have suggested a single origin from a narrow geographical range, supporting the rapid establishment view, have long been in conflict with other gene studies. The most notable conflict is in the case of barley for which there is a large body of evidence that suggests more than one common ancestor was used in its development.

These challenges to the fast model of agricultural development need a new model to explain how and why the development was so slow and demonstrate why artificial selection of just one plant type does not have the expected quick result. This computer model has now been provided by Dr Robin Allaby and his team at the University of Warwick, the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre has outlined the new mathematical model in a paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2008 and in a summary article in the Biologist (2008 55:94-99).

Their paper entitled The genetic expectations of a protracted model for the origins of domesticated crops used computer simulations that showed that over time a cultivated population will become monophyletic (settle into one stable species) at a rate proportional to its population size as compared various gene variations in the wild populations. They found this rate of change matched closely the 3000 years it took the tough rachis mutant to become established.

Ironically, this process is actually accelerated if there is more than one
wild source population (in other words if attempts at domestication happen more than once) because any resulting hybrid between those domesticated populations then has a heightened differentiation compared with either one of the wild populations of the two parent plants.

This mathematical model also more supportive of a longer complex origin of plants through cross breeding of a number of attempts at domestication rather than a single plant type being selectively bred and from a single useful mutation that is selectively grown quickly out paces the benefits natural selection

Dr Robin Allaby says:

"This picture of protracted development of crops has major implications for the understanding of the biology of the domestication process and these strike chords with other areas of evolutionary biology."

"This lengthy development should favour the close linkage of domestication syndrome trait
genes which may become much more important because linked genes will not be broken up
by gene flow - and this makes trait selection and retention easier. Interestingly, as
more crop genomes become mapped, the close linkage of two or more domestication
syndrome genes has been reported on several occasions."

"This process has similarities to the evolution of 'supergenes' in which many genes cluster around a single locus to contribute to one overall purpose."

"We now need to move this research area to a new level. Domestication was a complex process and can now be viewed more legitimately as the paragon of evolutionary process that Darwin originally recognized. There are many interacting factors involved that we know about operating on a wide range of levels from the gene to the farmer and climate - the challenge is to integrate them into a single story."

Source: University of Warwick
http://www.physorg.com/news141037970.html

--
Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek








Research pushes back history of crop development
10,000 years
Researchers led by Dr Robin Allaby of the University of Warwick's
plant research arm Warwick HRI have found evidence that genetics supports the
idea that the emergence of agriculture in prehistory took much longer than
originally thought.Until recently researchers say
the story of the origin of agriculture was one of a relatively sudden appearance
of plant cultivation in the Near East around 10,000 years ago spreading quickly
into Europe and dovetailing conveniently with ideas about how quickly language
and population genes spread from the Near East to Europe. Initially, genetics
appeared to support this idea but now cracks are beginning to appear in the
evidence underpinning that model Now a team led by Dr Robin Allaby from
the University of Warwick have developed a new mathematical model that shows how
plant agriculture actually began much earlier than first thought, well before
the Younger Dryas (the last "big freeze" with glacial conditions in the higher
latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere). It also shows that useful gene types
could have actually taken thousands of years to become stable. Up till
now researchers believed in a rapid establishment of efficient agriculture which
came about as artificial selection was easily able to dominate natural plant
selection, and, crucially, as a consequence they thought most crops came from a
single location and single domestication event. However recent
archaeological evidence has already begun to undermine this model pushing back
the date of the first appearance of plant agriculture. The best example of this
being the archaeological site Ohalo II in Syria where more than 90,000 plant
fragments from 23,000 years ago show that wild cereals were being gathered over
10,000 years earlier than previously thought, and before the last glacial
maximum (18,000-15,000 years ago). The field of Archaeobotany is also
producing further evidence to undermine the quick development model. The tough
rachis mutant is caused by a single recessive allele (one gene on a pair or
group of genes) , and this mutant is easily identifiable in the archaeological
specimens as a jagged scar on the chaff of the plant noting an abscission
(shedding of a body part) as opposed to the smooth abscission scar associated
with the wild type brittle rachis. Simply counting the proportion of
chaff types in a sample gives a direct measure of frequency of the two different
gene types in this plant. That study has shown that the tough rachis mutant
appeared some 9,250 years ago and had not reached fixation over 3,000 years
later even after the spread of agriculture into Europe was well underway.
Studies like these have shown that the rise of the domestication syndrome was a
slow process and that plant traits appeared in slow sequence, not together over
a short period of time. Genome wide surveys of crops such as einkorn and
barley that in the past that have suggested a single origin from a narrow
geographical range, supporting the rapid establishment view, have long been in
conflict with other gene studies. The most notable conflict is in the case of
barley for which there is a large body of evidence that suggests more than one
common ancestor was used in its development. These challenges to the
fast model of agricultural development need a new model to explain how and why
the development was so slow and demonstrate why artificial selection of just one
plant type does not have the expected quick result. This computer model has now
been provided by Dr Robin Allaby and his team at the University of Warwick, the
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, and Manchester
Interdisciplinary Biocentre has outlined the new mathematical model in a paper
published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2008 and
in a summary article in the Biologist (2008 55:94-99). Their
paper entitled The genetic expectations of a protracted model for the origins of
domesticated crops used computer simulations that showed that over time a
cultivated population will become monophyletic (settle into one stable species)
at a rate proportional to its population size as compared various gene
variations in the wild populations. They found this rate of change matched
closely the 3000 years it took the tough rachis mutant to become established.
Ironically, this process is actually accelerated if there is more than
one wild source population (in other words if attempts at domestication
happen more than once) because any resulting hybrid between those domesticated
populations then has a heightened differentiation compared with either one of
the wild populations of the two parent plants. This mathematical model
also more supportive of a longer complex origin of plants through cross breeding
of a number of attempts at domestication rather than a single plant type being
selectively bred and from a single useful mutation that is selectively grown
quickly out paces the benefits natural selection Dr Robin Allaby says:
"This picture of protracted development of crops has major implications
for the understanding of the biology of the domestication process and these
strike chords with other areas of evolutionary biology." "This lengthy
development should favour the close linkage of domestication syndrome trait
genes which may become much more important because linked genes will not be
broken up by gene flow – and this makes trait selection and retention
easier. Interestingly, as more crop genomes become mapped, the close linkage
of two or more domestication syndrome genes has been reported on several
occasions." "This process has similarities to the evolution of
'supergenes' in which many genes cluster around a single locus to contribute to
one overall purpose." "We now need to move this research area to a new
level. Domestication was a complex process and can now be viewed more
legitimately as the paragon of evolutionary process that Darwin originally
recognized. There are many interacting factors involved that we know about
operating on a wide range of levels from the gene to the farmer and climate –
the challenge is to integrate them into a single story." Source:
University of Warwick
http://www.physorg.com/news141037970.html
-- Posted byRobert Karl
Stonjek

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

9 Comments

Reply

]]> Sat, 20 Sep 2008 02:44:24 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/martian_alice_has_three_articulated_vertebrates_70898670t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/martian_alice_has_three_articulated_vertebrates_70898670t.html
Fig. 1 below shows three articulated vertebrates below the skull and a
vessel protruding from the eye socket of Alice on Mars.
Fig. 1:
http://www.wretch.cc/album/show.php?i=lin440315&b=20&f=1555343376&p=101

Fig. 2: Another view of Alice showing more vessels protruding from the
skull:
http://www.wretch.cc/album/show.php?i=lin440315&b=20&f=1555161103&p=45

Source of Fig. 1:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hortonheardawho/2856976774/

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

no comments

Reply

]]> Sat, 20 Sep 2008 02:23:03 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/did_man_walk_or_boat_70858990t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/did_man_walk_or_boat_70858990t.html 31’ 08, titled, first to cross the Ocean, dealt primarily with man’s
first migration to Australia. It showed a chart of the ocean sea
levels over the last 100,000 years.

The chart shows a dip in sea level by about -55 meters at 40,000 BP,
with three more dips, progressively lower to about -75 M, then a vary
large drop at 30,000 BP to -140 M that lasted until 20,000BP. At this
point water levels rises steeply, with two short levels at 17,000BP,
-100 M, and 12,000BP, -60M, finally reaching to day’s sea level at
8,000 BP.

The problem is the channel from Siberia to Alaska is only about -50M
deep. This means that man could walk across before 12.000BPand needed
a boat after that, the land bridge would be closed.

This also means that a pet idea I’ve held for a long time won’t work
that the best place to have a village would be on Onimack inland
across from Friday Harbor, and the only high ground, baring a few
islands between Siberia and south to the larger North American
continent.

The cannel is about -75M deep and north of that is one of the Earths
largest tidal bores. The bottom is flat as a table with a fall of one
foot per mile and over a 25 foot tide in Bristol Bay, all the way
around to Siberia.

A H HONNEN

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

5 Comments

Reply

]]> Fri, 19 Sep 2008 12:07:13 PDT http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/news_rare_viking_era_shield_found_in_denmark_70811374t.html http://www.nnseek.com/e/sci.anthropology.paleo/news_rare_viking_era_shield_found_in_denmark_70811374t.html Rare Viking-era shield found in Denmark

(AP) -- Danish archaeologists say they have found a well-preserved Viking shield that is more than 1,000 years old.

Archaeologist Kirsten Christensen says the wooden shield has a diameter of 32 inches. It was found Tuesday during excavations near Viking-age castles, some 60 miles west of Copenhagen.

Christensen said Thursday it is the first time such a shield has been found in Denmark. She said the moist soil in the area is "ideal to preserve wood."

The fir shield is believed to date from the late 10th century.

Danish Vikings launched bloody raids along the coasts of Western Europe about 1,000 years ago and even occupied parts of England.

©2008 The Associated Press.
http://www.physorg.com/news140943434.html


--
Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek








Rare Viking-era shield found in
Denmark
(AP) -- Danish archaeologists say they have found a well-preserved
Viking shield that is more than 1,000 years
old.Archaeologist Kirsten Christensen says the
wooden shield has a diameter of 32 inches. It was found Tuesday during
excavations near Viking-age castles, some 60 miles west of Copenhagen.
Christensen said Thursday it is the first time such a shield has been
found in Denmark. She said the moist soil in the area is "ideal to preserve
wood." The fir shield is believed to date from the late 10th century.
Danish Vikings launched bloody raids along the coasts of Western Europe
about 1,000 years ago and even occupied parts of England. ©2008 The
Associated Press.
http://www.physorg.com/news140943434.html
 
-- Posted byRobert Karl
Stonjek

Posted In: sci.anthropology.paleo

no comments

Reply

]]> Thu, 18 Sep 2008 19:50:29 PDT