> On Sep 4, 11:41 am, Pah...@gmail.com wrote:
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>> Convergent Evolution or Intelligent Design? 1

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>> When the same complex capability is found in unrelated organisms but
>> not in their alleged evolutionary ancestors, evolutionists say that a
>> common need caused identical complexities to evolve.   They call this
>> convergent evolution.

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>> For example, wings and flight occur in some birds, insects, and
>> mammals (bats). Pterosaurs, an extinct reptile, also had wings and
>> could fly. These capabilities have not been found in any of their
>> alleged common ancestors. Other examples of convergent evolution are
>> the three tiny bones in the ears of mammals: the stapes, incus, and
>> malleus. Their complex arrangement and precise fit give mammals the
>> unique ability to hear a wide range of sounds. Evolutionists say that
>> those bones evolved from bones in a reptile’s jaw. If so, the process
>> must have occurred at least twice (a)—but left no known transitional
>> fossils. How did the transitional organisms between reptiles and
>> mammals hear during those millions of years (b)? Without the ability
>> to hear, survival—and reptile-to-mammal evolution—would cease.

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> How could hearing and jaw articulation be preserved during this
> transition? As clearly shown from the many transitional fossils that
> have been found (see Figure 1.4.3), the bones that transfer sound in
> the reptilian and mammalian ear were in contact with each other
> throughout the evolution of this transition. In reptiles, the stapes
> contacts the quadrate, which in turn contacts the articular. In
> mammals, the stapes contacts the incus, which in turn contacts the
> malleus (see Figure 1.4.2). Since the quadrate evolved into the incus,
> and the articular evolved into the malleus, these three bones were in
> constant contact during this impressive evolutionary change.
> Furthermore, a functional jaw joint was maintained by redundancy—
> several of the intermediate fossils have both a reptilian jaw joint
> (from the quadrate and articular) and a mammalian jaw joint (from the
> dentary and squamosal). Several late cynodonts and Morganucodon
> clearly have a double-jointed jaw. In this way, the reptilian-style
> jaw joint was freed to evolve a new specialized function in the middle
> ear. It is worthy of note that some modern species of snakes have a
> double-jointed jaw involving different bones, so such a mechanical
> arrangement is certainly possible and functional.
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> http://64.233.161.104/custom?q=cache:Wf1xVrBC5QkJ:www.talkorigins.org...
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>> Concluding that a miracle—or any extremely unlikely event—happened
>> once requires strong evidence or faith; claiming that a similar
>> “miracle” happened repeatedly requires either incredible blind faith
>> or a cause common to each event, such as a common designer.

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>> a.      “... the definitive mammalian middle ear evolved independently in
>> living monotremes and therians (marsupials and placentals).”  Thomas
>> H. Rich et al., “Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes
>> and Therians,” Science, Vol. 307, 11 February 2005, p. 910.

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>> “Because of the complexity of the bone arrangement, some scientists
>> have argued that the innovation arose just once—in a common ancestor
>> of the three mammalian groups. Now, analyses of a jawbone from a
>> specimen of Teinolophos trusleri, a shrew-size creature that lived in
>> Australia about 115 million years ago, have dealt a blow to that
>> notion.” Sid  Perkins, “Groovy Bones,” Science News, Vol. 167, 12
>> February 2005, p. 100.

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>> b.      Also, for mammals to hear also requires the organ of Corti and
>> complex “wiring” in the brain. No known reptile (the supposed ancestor
>> of mammals), living or fossil, has anything resembling this amazing
>> organ.

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>>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/LifeSciences21.html#wp1612912