On Jul 31, 5:37 pm, "Michael A. Terrell" earthlink.net>
wrote:
Actually you must be a knee jerk reactor since I was questioning the
quantification of "all" such cases. I was trying to get a confirmation
that the poster meant by "any" - all, thats all.
Note on "Distribution";
...A categorical proposition joins together exactly two categorical
terms and asserts that some relationship holds between the classes
they designate. (For our own convenience, we'll call the term that
occurs first in each categorical proposition its subject term and
other its predicate term.) Thus, for example, "All cows are mammals"
and "Some philosophy teachers are young mothers" are categorical
propositions whose subject terms are "cows" and "philosophy teachers"
and whose predicate terms are "mammals" and "young mothers"
respectively.
Each categorical proposition states that there is some logical
relationship that holds between its two terms. In this context, a
categorical term is said to be distributed if that proposition
provides some information about every member of the class designated
by that term. Thus, in our first example above, "cows" is distributed
because the proposition in which it occurs affirms that each and every
cow is also a mammal, but "mammals" is undistributed because the
proposition does not state anything about each and every member of
that class. In the second example, neither of the terms is
distributed, since this proposition tells us only that the two classes
overlap to some (unstated) extent.
Quality and Quantity
...The quality of a categorical proposition indicates the nature of
the relationship it affirms between its subject and predicate terms:
it is an affirmative proposition if it states that the class
designated by its subject term is included, either as a whole or only
in part, within the class designated by its predicate term, and it is
a negative proposition if it wholly or partially excludes members of
the subject class from the predicate class. Notice that the predicate
term is distributed in every negative proposition but undistributed in
all affirmative propositions.
The quantity of a categorical proposition, on the other hand, is a
measure of the degree to which the relationship between its subject
and predicate terms holds: it is a universal proposition if the
asserted inclusion or exclusion holds for every member of the class
designated by its subject term, and it is a particular proposition if
it merely asserts that the relationship holds for one or more members
of the subject class. Thus, you'll see that the subject term is
distributed in all universal propositions but undistributed in every
particular proposition.
Combining these two distinctions and representing the subject and
predicate terms respectively by the letters "S" and "P," we can
uniquely identify the four possible forms of categorical proposition:
A universal affirmative proposition (to which, following the practice
of medieval logicians, we will refer by the letter "A") is of the
form
All S are P.
Such a proposition asserts that every member of the class designated
by the subject term is also included in the class designated by the
predicate term. Thus, it distributes its subject term but not its
predicate term.
A universal negative proposition (or "E") is of the form
No S are P.
This proposition asserts that nothing is a member both of the class
designated by the subject term and of the class designated by the
predicate terms. Since it reports that every member of each class is
excluded from the other, this proposition distributes both its subject
term and its predicate term.
A particular affirmative proposition ("I") is of the form
Some S are P.
A proposition of this form asserts that there is at least one thing
which is a member both of the class designated by the subject term and
of the class designated by the predicate term. Both terms are
undistributed in propositions of this form.
Finally, a particular negative proposition ("O") is of the form
Some S are not P.
Such a proposition asserts that there is at least one thing which is a
member of the class designated by the subject term but not a member of
the class designated by the predicate term. Since it affirms that the
one or more crucial things that they are distinct from each and every
member of the predicate class, a proposition of this form distributes
its predicate term but not its subject term.
Although the specific content of any actual categorical proposition
depends upon the categorical terms which occur as its subject and
predicate, the logical form of the categorical proposition must always
be one of these four types.
http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e07a.htm