On Jul 27, 10:24 pm, turtoni
fastmail.net> wrote:> On Jul 28, 1:17 am, Immortalist
yahoo.com> wrote:
>>>> Needs are also defined according to the existential categories of
>>> being, having, doing and interacting, and from these dimensions, a 36
>>> cell matrix is developed"
>
>
>> Is that like Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
>
> No. It's not the same.
>
It makes sense that needs are more like a network of interacting
relationships. But Maslow does have a point that some needs must be
met to some degree before other needs can even be considered. If your
starved you can't think much about sex and love, for instance.
> "While Maslow's theory was regarded as an improvement over previous
> theories of personality and motivation, it had its detractors. For
> example, in their extensive review of research which is dependent on
> Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridgewell[5] found little evidence for the
> ranking of needs Maslow described, or even for the existence of a
> definite hierarchy at all. A study conducted in 2002 forwards this
> thought, claiming: "the hierarchy of needs is nothing more than a
> fool's daydream; there is no possible way to classify ever-changing
> needs as society changes"[6]. Chilean economist and philosopher
> Manfred Max Neef has also argued fundamental human needs are non-
> hierarchical, and are ontologically universal and invariant in nature
> - part of the condition of being human; poverty, he argues, is the
> result of any one of these needs being frustrated, denied or
> unfulfilled."
>
>> Abraham Maslow is known for establishing the theory of a hierarchy of
>> needs, writing that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs,
>> and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs
>> can be satisfied.
>
>> Maslow's hierarchy of needs was an alternative to the depressing
>> determinism of Freud and Skinner. He felt that people are basically
>> trustworthy, self-protecting, and self-governing.
>> Humans tend toward growth and love. Although there is a continuous
>> cycle of human wars, murder, deceit, etc., he believed that violence
>> is not what human nature is meant to be like.
>
>> Violence and other evils occur when human needs are thwarted. In other
>> words, people who are deprived of lower needs such as safety may
>> defend themselves by violent means. He did not believe that humans are
>> violent because they enjoy violence. Or that they lie, cheat, and
>> steal because they enjoy doing it.
>
>> According to Maslow;
>
>> there are general types of
>> needs (physiological, safety,
>> love, and esteem)
>> that must be satisfied
>> before a person can act
>> unselfishly.
>
>> He called these needs "deficiency needs."
>
>> As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving
>> towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is
>> healthy, blocking gratification makes us sick or evil. In other words,
>> we are all "needs junkies" with cravings that must be satisfied and
>> should be satisfied. Else, we become sick.
>
>> Needs are prepotent. A prepotent need is one that has the greatest
>> influence over our actions. Everyone has a prepotent need, but that
>> need will vary among individuals. A teenager may have a need to feel
>> that he/she is accepted by a group. A heroin addict will need to
>> satisfy his/her cravings for heroin to function normally in society,
>> and will not worry about acceptance by other people. According to
>> Maslow, when the deficiency needs are met:
>
>> At once other (and higher) needs emerge, and these, rather than
>> physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn
>> are satisfied, again new (and still higher) needs emerge, and so on.
>> As one desire is satisfied, another pops up to take its place.
>
>> - Physiological Needs
>
>> Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food,
>> sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness,
>> irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to
>> alleviate them as soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once they
>> are alleviated, we may think about other things.
>
>> - Safety Needs
>
>> Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in
>> a chaotic world. These needs are mostly psychological in nature. We
>> need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is
>> dysfunction, i.e., an abusive husband, the wife cannot move to the
>> next level because she is constantly concerned for her safety. Love
>> and belongingness have to wait until she is no longer cringing in
>> fear. Many in our society cry out for law and order because they do
>> not feel safe enough to go for a walk in their neighborhood. Many
>> people, particularly those in the inner cities, unfortunately, are
>> stuck at this level. In addition, safety needs sometimes motivate
>> people to be religious. Religions comfort us with the promise of a
>> safe secure place after we die and leave the insecurity of this
>> world.
>
>> - Love Needs
>
>> Love and belongingness are next on the ladder. Humans have a desire to
>> belong to groups: clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs,
>> etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by
>> others. Performers appreciate applause. We need to be needed. Beer
>> commercials, in addition to playing on sex, also often show how beer
>> makes for camaraderie. When was the last time you saw a beer
>> commercial with someone drinking beer alone?
>
>> - Esteem Needs
>
>> There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem which
>> results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, there's the
>> attention and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to
>> the belongingness level, however, wanting admiration has to do with
>> the need for power. People who have all of their lower needs
>> satisfied, often drive very expensive cars because doing so raises
>> their level of esteem. "Hey, look what I can afford-peon!"
>
>> - Self-Actualization
>
>> The need for self-actualization is "the desire to become more and more
>> what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming."
>> People who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek
>> knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, oneness with
>> God, etc. It is usually middle-class to upper-class students who take
>> up environmental causes, join the Peace Corps, go off to a monastery,
>> etc.
>
>
>> - Show quoted text -
